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URD101
final term solved paper cs101
final term solved paper cs101 frnds,,,
these are solved paper,,,
hopefully help out u.
remember me in ur prayers,
sana
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CS101 finl solved papers.doc, 63 KB
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Replies to This Discussion
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Permalink Reply by muzammil sunny on -
thank u so much..
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Permalink Reply by pink on -
Symmetric Cryptography
With symmetric cryptography, both the sender and recipient share a key that is used to perform both encryption and decryption. Symmetric
cryptography is commonly used to perform encryption. It also provides
data integrity when symmetric keys are used in conjunction with other
algorithms to create Message Authentication Codes (MACs). For more
information about MACs, see Data Origin Authentication in Chapter 2,
"Message Protection Patterns."
Figure 1 illustrates the process of encrypting and decrypting data with a shared secret key.Figure 1. The process of symmetric encryption
As illustrated in Figure 1, symmetric encryption involves the following steps:
The sender creates a ciphertext message by encrypting the plaintext message with a symmetric encryption algorithm and a shared key.
The sender sends the ciphertext message to the recipient.
The recipient decrypts the ciphertext message back into plaintext with a shared key.
Numerous symmetric algorithms are currently in use. Some of the more common
algorithms include Rijndael (AES) and Triple DES (3DES). These
algorithms are designed to perform efficiently on common hardware
architectures.
Symmetric cryptography is comparatively simple in nature, because the secret key that is used for both encryption and
decryption is shared between the sender and the recipient. However,
before communication can occur, the sender and the recipient must
exchange a shared secret key. In some cases (such as SSL), asymmetric
cryptography can be used to ensure that the initial key exchange occurs
over a secure channel.Key Management and Conventional Encryption
Conventional encryption has benefits. It is very fast. It is especially useful for encrypting data that is not going anywhere. However, conventional
encryption alone as a means for transmitting secure data can be quite
expensive simply due to the difficulty of secure key distribution. The
expense of secure channels and key distribution relegated its use only
to those who could afford it, such as governments and large banks (or
small children with secret decoder rings).
Recall a character from your favorite spy movie: the person with a locked briefcase
handcuffed to his or her wrist. What is in the briefcase, anyway? It's
probably not the missile launch code/ biotoxin formula/ invasion plan
itself. It's the key that will decrypt the secret data.
For a sender and recipient to communicate securely using conventional
encryption, they must agree upon a key and keep it secret between
themselves. If they are in different physical locations, they must trust
a courier, the Bat Phone, or some other secure communication medium to
prevent the disclosure of the secret key during transmission. Anyone who
overhears or intercepts the key in transit can later read, modify, and
forge all information encrypted or authenticated with that key. The
persistent problem with conventional encryption is key distribution: how
do you get the key to the recipient without someone intercepting it?
And the minor problem with it is the storage of keys: when you want to
communicate with a lot of people and you have one key for each partner,
how do you manage so many keys?
Some Examples of Conventional Cryptosystems
Captain Midnight's Secret Decoder Ring (which you may have owned when you were a kid)
Julius Caesar's cipher
DES, Data Encryption Standard -
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Permalink Reply by Waqar Ahmed on -
Thank you
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Permalink Reply by Farrukh Khalid on -
Thnks sana g so nyc of u
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